-comes from Electrodynamics

-Joseph Henry, following his discovery of induction (Electrodynamics > ^ea674c), develops a telegraph in 1831 with an "intensity" magnet

-and by 1835 develops a relay

-develops it more and more over, including something very much like Morse's repeater

-works with people more interested in telegraph

-develops code for transmitting messages through bell sounds, later clicks

-by 1840, Princeton presents it to Congress, and gets funding to build line from NY to Philly (started in 1846)

-first message sent in 1847

-invention sold to Congress, allows for establishment of nationalized telegraph system

-subsequently Henry works at (National University of the United States of America > Smithsonian Institution) and works on stuff there as well

-Gauss and Weber look at Henry's invention and make their own telegraph

-in University of Gottingen, they make needle telegraph

-however, political prosecutions, competition with semaphore (tensions with French Republic mean a lot more of them in Germany), limit adoption

-authorities adapt system for wartime use

-in general, because Europe here is divided b/w republican and monarchist blocs, semaphore gets adopted more due to issues of nat'l security

-when electrical telegraphy gets widespread, due to semaphore, instead it's adapted so it looks very much like foy-breguet telegraph

-also, dial telegraph sees more popularity here but foy-breguet is way way more popular

-in 1860s spread of simpler Henry Code to Europe begins, but takes until 1885 in int'l congress for adoption of internationalized form of Henry Code

-era of making insulant out of India rubber begins in 1840s

-with only partial success as cables often fail

-and an attempt at a cable from Ireland to Wales established in 1853 fails in 1859

-another attempt from Calais to Dover erected in 1858 fails in 1864

-also without Faraday, Leyden jar effect of telegraph wire not discovered, which means that these lines have very low bandwidth

-Gutta-percha is natural rubber, very good for undersea telegraph cables

-without British Singapore existing here and no Faraday, no fortuitous discovery of insulating properties of gutta-percha so early

-instead properties of it being natural rubber result in it being used for that purpose in the 1862 by French guy experimenting with Dutch imports, sees it's a massive success

-with the US having erected telegraph lines to Port Townsend by 1859, talk of erecting line across Bering Strait

-helped by extreme difficulty of submarine cables, this wouldn't be much submarine cabling and if necessary ships can send messages

-Russia has already been laying down fuckton of cable all the way across Siberia, gets to Bering Strait in 1865

-while US sends cables across Columbia from Port Townsend to Russian Alaska by 1867, allowing for much quicker communication in matter of hours (near-instant other than voyage across Bering Strait)

-with this being shortened even more to near-instant when submarine cable laid across Bering Strait in 1872

-this is very important during US's Wars > American Civil War (1869-76) as allows for quick news to come to and from Europe

-during Russia's Wars > Second Circassian War (1872-5), still uninterrupted but brings about talk of other cables

-and following end of American Civil War talk of submarine cable from Wrangell to Port Townsend, gets built in 1882

-through Queen Charlotte Islands

-inspires American commercial presence in Alaska, which also kicks off Klondike Gold Rush and formation of Columbia-Alaska Confederation > Republic of Alaska

-era of laying down submarine cable truly begins

-lays down reliable cable from Calais to Dover in 1867

-over 1870s cables erected across Mediterranean, Red Sea

-British Isles builds telegraph lines from Australia to Penang (figure out how - Bencoolen?) to Madras to Bombay to Egypt

-French Republic telegraph in similar year span from New Holland to Batavia to Malacca to Ceylon to Mascarene Islands to Persia to Levant to Constantinople to Paris

-and another one from Laurent Marques to Cape Colony to Angola to Lagos to Cape Verde

-eventually in 1880s connects Mascarene Islands to Laurent Marques through Merina Kingdom

-and in 1884 transatlantic telegraph line laid from Newfoundland to Ireland

-following Batavian Republic breaking its alliance w/ France, France forced to renovate its network

-in late 1880s and early 1890s cable laid through Bali through Johor's Riau Islands to Manila (Philippine Republic) and Taiwan

-another from Cape Verde to France and Cape Verde also has links to Guadeloupe

-has legacy today in diff cable network, which also delineates diff Analyzers networks (Networking)